![]() It is of two types: type 1, primarily caused by autoimmune pancreatic β-cell destruction and characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Anti-VEGF were found to be effective as an adjunct therapy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patient who is going to have vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage with neovascularization, panretinal photocoagulation, and other ocular surgery such as cases with neovascular glaucoma and cataract with refractory macular edema.ĭiabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by the impaired metabolism of glucose due to insulin deficiency or its resistance, leading to hyperglycemia and late development of vascular and neuropathic complications. ![]() Using one or two intravitreal injections such as anti-VEGF and or steroid to reduce central macular thickness followed by focal or grid laser to give a sustained response may offer an alternative to treatment in diabetic macular edema. There is a strong support to combination therapy. In the ocular part laser treatment remains the cornerstone of treatment of diabetic macular edema (focal/grid), severe non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (panretinal photocoagulation). Control of hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia are of major role in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Management of diabetes should involve both systemic and ocular aspects.
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